Self-closing window.



' mff aaaaad'i Yo. 772,260. PATENTED OCT. 11, 1904.

H. 0. SMITH SELF CLOSING WINDOW.

. urmm'nmz FILED 3mm 2a, 1903. HOfifODBL. a sasmssannr 1.

UNITED STATES Patented October 11, 1904.

HENRY (J. SMITH, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

SELF-CLOSING wmoow.

srnczmcn'rxon forming part of Letters Patent No. 772,260, dated ctoher 11, 19 ()4i Applieatlon filed June 23, 1903.

To an whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, HENRY C. SMITH, a citizen of the United States, residingin N ew York, in the county of New York and State of'New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Self-Closing Windows, of which t e following is e specification.

,Thisii yention' relates to windows in which provision is madelfor sutomotic'closing of the sashes in case of iii'ewithin the room or in the neighborhood of the window; and its prin- 'oipelohject' is to improve and simplify the meansfor securing the closing thereof, par tiei'ilerly wit h a View to promptness of action.

Other objects will hereinafter appear.

e drawings forming part of this speci fication,Figu re 1 is a view, partly broken away,

' of a window provided with one formof my improvements. Fig. 2 is a sectional plant oh a larger scale and partly broken away, oi the upper portion of the window-frame, showing the portions of the sash-controlling apparatus which are locatedatthe left of the window andliyhichare duplicates of portions atthe right of the window. Fig. 3 is a perspective View of an equalizing bar having-formed thereon braille-shoes for two adjoining pulleys, f

' ov er which run flexible connections from the "sasl'ies to; counterbalanoingweights. Fig. 4,

isn'jsectional View of the preferred 'form of chain-pulley showing sprockets foriprevenlr' igigslipof the chain thereon; 'Fig. 5 is ascetionalieleyation on the line awof Fig. 2. Fig.-

4 hollow metallic consti'uction, consistsof jeinhs 6 is an elevation of a bracket for two adjoining pulleys; Fig. 7 is aview of a form of policy desirable for use where the flexible connection consists ofa cord.

In the several views like signs denote like parts.

The windon frame, which is preferahlyof 1 and Q,'a sill 3, and a head i. In the latter are located many of the parts for controlling the movements of the window-sashes. The upper sashis designated as 5 and the lower as 6, and

each slides vertically and ,is provided with suitable disproportionate connterbaiancing means, consisting, preferably, of underhalanclug-weights "i for the lower sash and overbalan cing-w'eights 8 for the upper sashg The s seen in Figs 2, adetailed desoriptionlq ftthe' For sustaining the said connection 31 produces uniforin pressurey z;

' Warm timi Serial Re. mam. Tore made.)

preferably chains 9 and 10, to the top of the .ngper sash'and the latter-bychainsfl and 12 to the top of the lower-sash. ,Thechainsqfl and 10 run over a pair'of pulleys 13-nnd 14 and the chains 11 "and 12 rnn ovenapair of pulleys one memherof each pain-of, p ll..- leys being at the left'of the window nndg one' at the right thereof, sensual. ,Ihe pulleys 13 and 15, 'as at Fig. 2, adjointeach otherst the left-hand part of the. windommhile the pulleys 14 and 15 adjoin at the rightehgnd of thewindow. Since the structure at-the right-i hand pa'rt'of the windowis ,similar; toithst Q5 latter is deemed suflicient-Z. 1-, ii-: n w,

The pulleys 13 and 15 are journaled the for. mer in a pair of standards l fi and thgtlatten in a pair of standards 17,..allcast pponga hose 18. (Seen bestat Fig; 6.) The base ,is; pro}. 19

vided with feet 19 and 20 'forgtet ing.upon.;. ledges 21 and'22. formed inzthe the window-frame; The brackets .are secmfied and nuts.

il l lfrs b 1 3: '2 preferably formed integral uponobarg'l junction with the disproportionate poising means therefor brake-shoes 25 adapted to bearupon the periphery of join- 8 0,

ing pulleys 13 and 15. 'Jlhe haris supported and guided in slots 30, formed in linejn eel-s 28 and, 29,- which project outwardly iroin the adjoining bracket-uprights l5 and)? (,lhe, brake-shoes are held in contact with the, pulley-rims by means of a wire connection 31,- which hooks into an eyepiece33,cast npon; the brake-bar and located centrally'bet ween the pulleys, so that longitudinal draftvnp'on of the brake-shoes upon the puileysthebgr 27 acting as a pressure-equalizers. it is n'ot' essential that the shoes be formed integrally, with the bar. The braking means at the 0 posite end of the window-head are similartq; those already described, and the rod extend; ing therefro toward the centerofithejwindew-frame head is designated .36. The-5 connecting-rods Brand 3B:may each bepro vided with an S-bend,

as at 3?,extendiirg zoo.

' rods 45 and 47.

l ransrersrly to the rods, so as to permit length adjustnu-ut. while producing a certain amount of yield in the linkage. At its inner end or near the renterol' the wiiulow-frame head the rod ill is hooked or pivoled at 38 to the central pivot of toggle-bars 3i) and 41", while the rod 31' is similarly booked at 41 to toggle members 42 and 43. Both toggles at one end are pivoted to an eye 44, formed upon a screwrod 45, and at the opposite end to an eye 46, formed upon a screw-rod 47, so that by drawing the rods 45 and 47 away from each other the rods 3! and 36 are drawn toward each other, thereby to hold or tighten the brakes against the pulleys For adjusting the rods 45 and 47 I thread upon their outer-ends nuts48 and 49. Springs 50 and 51 are preferably coiled around the ends of said rods, which project from the head of the window-frame, and tend to press the rods outwardly. The function of the springs, acting through the described linkage, is to hold the brakes yieldingly against the pulleys, and the nuts 48 and 4.) have the effect of increasing the tension of the springs when they are turned for the purpose of drawing out the Either nut may be adjusted independently of the other; but the adjustment of either affects all of the brakes equally.

The tension of both springs 50 and 51 is affccted by the adjustment of either nut. However, one or both springs may be omitted and the yielding structures at 37 be relied upon.

in the under side of the head of the win (low-frame I. provide an opening 52, closed by a trap 53, said opening permitting access to the linkage for the purpose of arranging or adjusting the same. The pulleys, as seen at Fig. 4, are preferably made with sprockets 55 r preventing slipping of the chain there- ,\'ei', so that the brakes are always eti'ectivc to control the movements of the sashes and counterbalanccs. The brakes further prevent undue jumping of the connterbalancingweights when the sashes are moved or stopped suddenly, thereby reducing the liability of injury to the chain and other parts of the mechanism, For this purpose, as well as for the purpose of controlling the movements of ilie sashes, it is important to prevent slip of the chain upon the pulley. in case the flexible connections between the sashes and the weights consist of cord 56, as at Fig. 7, the pulleys may be V-groovcd, as at 57, to bite the cord, and thereby prevent slip thereof.

The nuts -18 and 45-) are made of metal fusihlc at a relatively low temperature and prosingle part, as 48 or 49, causes both sashes to close automatically. I prefer to associate with each brake-bar 27 aspring 58 of any suitable form and mounting, which tcndsconstantly to draw the brake away from the pulleys, so that at the fusion of either nut the pulleys are positively released by the action of the springs 58. The inner end of each spring is preferably caught upon a pin provided in the bar midway of its end and in line with the rod 31, and the outer end is caught upon a staple or other device provided upon the jamb of the window-frame.

It will be seen that considerable advantage is gained by having the fusible sash-controllers entirely outside of the window-frame, since it becomes unnecessary to heat said frame in order to fuse them. The frame being made entirely of metal, it will be seen that if a flame should playupon only one partof thoframc the heat therefrom would be rapidly diffused by conduction throughout the frame, so that the entire frame would need to become hot before an ordinary fusible sashcontrolling member could be rendered effective. By my present invention either controlling-nut can be fused while-the window-frame itself remains comparatively cold, so 1 that more prompt closing of the sashes is secured, as will be understoodf This isof great importance in preventing the spread of fire,

since by closing the sashes at the beginning,

of the fire draft is checked, and the flames are prevented from passing through the windows Moreover, by having the fusible nuts at the upper .part of the window, which is the part likely to heat first, they maybe fused by the heat in the upper part of the room in which fire occurs without direct contact with flame, which is a great advantage, i

It will thus be seen that I have, combined with a sash a flexible connection sccu'red thereto, a pulley over which said connection runs, a disproportionate counterbalance to which the other end of said connection is secured, and a brake for said pulley; that a. single ressure-regulating device is connected to the brakesor friction devices which opposc 'the movements of both sashes and includes a friction-rclicving member, as 48 or 49, fusible at low temperature; that a spring, as 50 or 51, renders the pressure-regulating devices more efl'cetive, its tension being regulable by the nut, and that each spring is connected to all of the brakes to render them effective.

Upon the inner side of the window I pivot at 67 upon the head 4 a bell-crank, one arm, 62, whereof is adapted to bear upon the end of the rod 45, and to the other arm, 63, whereof is attached one end of a cord 64, which is carried to the side of the window and through an eye (55, from which it hangs at 66. By pulling on the cord the rod 45 is thrust in and thctoggles operated to relieve all of the pulleys from the pressure of the brakes,

extending to points outsideol' said frame, one upon the inner side the other upon the outer side of the window, and means releasable by the [using of either of said parts, for enabling both of said sashes to close automatically.

14. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein, of disproportionate counterbalancingmeans for said sashes, including a pair of flexible connections secured to each sash, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, one pair of pulleys for each sash, brake-shoes for all of said pulleys,

and thcrmically releasable connections between said brake-shoes.

15. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein of disproportionate counterbalancing means for said sashes, including a pair of flexible connections secured to each sash, and two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, one pair of pulleys for each sash, brake-shoes for all of said pulleys, and means for holding all of said brakeshoes against the pulleys, said holding, means including a member fusible at relatively low temperature, and the fusing of which operates to release all of said shoes.

16. lhc combination of a window-frameand apairofsashes therein,disproportionate countcrbalancing means for said sashes, including a pair of flexible connections secured to each sash and two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, one pair of pulleys for each sash, brake-shoes for all of said pulleys, thermically-releasable connections between said brake-shoes, and means for holding all of said brake-shoes against the pulleys, said holding means including two members fusible at low temperature, and both extending to points outside of said frame, one upon the inner and one upon the outer side of the window, the fusing of either of which fusible members operates to release all of said shoes.

17. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein, of disproportionate countcrhalancing means for said sashes, a tlicrmically-rcleasablc sash-controlling mechanism, including two pairs of devices for frictional ly opposing the movements of the sashes, one pair of such devices for each sash, a spring for rendering both of said pairs of devices effective, and an adjustable member for regulating the tension of said spring. I

18. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein, of two pairs of flexible connections, one pair secured to each of said sashes, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, disproportionate counterbalancing means to which said connections are secured, brakes for all of said pulleys, a spring, and means whereby said spring is connected to all of said brakes to render them effective, and means for regulating the tension of said spring; said brakes being thermically releasable from the tension of said spring.

19. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein, of two pairs of flexible connections, one pair securcd'to each of said sashes, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, disproportionate counterbalanc-ing means to which said connections are secured, brakes for all of said pulleys, a spring, means whereby said spring is connected to all of said brakes to render them effective, and means for regulating the tension of said spring, said regulating member being fusible at relatively low temperature.

20. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein, of two pairs of flexible connections, one pair secured to each of said sashes, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, disproportionate countcrbalancing means to which said connections are secured, brakes for all of said pulleys, a pair of springs, means whereby said springs are connected to said brakes to render them effective, and means for regulating the tension of each spring; said regulating means includ in g a member fusible at relatively low tem pcrature.

21. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein, of two pairs of flexible connections, one pair secured to each of said sashes, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, disproportionate counterbataneing means towhich said connections are secured, brakes for all of said pulleys, a pairof springs, means whereby said springs are connected to each other and to said brakes to render said springs-effective to set said brakes, and means for regulating the tension of each spring; said regulating means including a nut fusible at low temperature.

22. The combination with a metallic window-frame and a sash therein, of a flexible connection secured to said sash, a disproportionate counterbalance to which said connection is also connected, a pulley over which said connection runs, a brake for said pulley, a brake-controlling device extending from said brake to a point upon said frame, and means fusible at low temperature forconnecting said controlling device to said frame.

23. The combination with a window-frame, of a pair of sashes therein, counterbalancing means for said sashes, flexible connections between said sashes and said counterbalancing means, pulleys over which said connections run, an equalizing-bar provided with brakeshocs, and means connected to said bar for holding said shoes against the pulleys.

24:. The combination with a window-frame, of a pair of sashes therein, counterbalancing means for said sashes, flexible connections between said sashcs and said counterbalancing means, pulleys over which said connections run, an equalizing-bar provided with brakeshocs, and means connected to said bar for holding said shoes against the pulleys, said holding means including a member fusible at relatively low temperature.

2 5. Thiico'rnbination with a Window-frame,

,of a pair oi sashes therein, eounterbalancing fni'e'ans for said sashes, two pairs of flexible ddniic'ctibns between said sashes and said con ntei'balancing means, one pair for each sash,

to holding said shoes against said A J' 'I QG Q Thecon bination witha window-frame,

f a t lt? sashes therein, counterbalancing for said sashes, two pairs of flexible conncctions'between said sashes and said-counr l! .i I terb l'an'cing means, one pair ior each sash,

' two pairs of pulleys over which said connecnous run, a pair of equalizingbars, each pro i idedwitb brake-shoes, and means connected ,Jt' fsaid bars for holding said shoes against said pulleys, said holding means including a memher fusible, at relatively low temperature, and

thef'fusing 71 1 shoes.

' two' pairs ofipulleys over which ti'ons run, a pair of equalizing-bars, each pro- '27, The'conibinati'on with a window-frame,

-of apair of sashes therein, counterbalancing means for said sashes, two pairs of flexible connections between said sashes and said counterbalancing means, one pair for each sash,

said connec:

vid'ed with brake-shoes, and mcansconnected "'tosaid'hars for holding said shoes againstsaid pullcyssaid holding means including a spring andajniernloer fusible at relatively low tem:

,pull'eys; said holding means including two two pairs means 'f or said'sashes, two pairs of flexibleconnections'between said sashes and said counjterbalancin'g means, one pair for each sash,

two pairs of 'pul'leys over which said connections run, a pair of equalizing-bars, each p1'o vided wrtlibrake-shoes, and means connected to said bars for holding said shoes against said 'ipul leys, said holding means includinga spring andja' member fusible at relatively low tem; perature, means being provided for enabling "the tension of said springto be adjusted.

29, The combination with a window-frame, of a pair'of sashes therein, countef'balancing means for said sashes, two pairs of flexible connections between said sashes and said counterbalancing means, one pair for each sash, of' pulleys over which said connections run, a pair of equalizing-bars, each providedn ith brake-shoes, and means connected to said bars for holding said shoesagainst said members fusible at low temperature, and the fusingfof' either'oi which releases all of said bralief-sh'oes; said members extending to points outside of said frame, one thereof protruding from th'e'inner side and the other thereof from th'e'outer side of said fraiiie.

30. The combination with a WlDdOW-fffifllfi f which releases allot said brakeof a pair of sashes therein, counterbalaneing means Forsaid sashes, two pairs of flexible connections between said sashes and said counterbalancing means, one pair for each sash, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run, a pair of equalizingbars, each provided with brake-shoes, and means connected to said bars for holding said shoes against said pulleys, said holding means including a spring, means being provided for enabling the tension of said spring to be adjusted, and said tension-adjusting means including nuts fusible at low temperature; one of said nuts protruding from the inner side of the window and the other from the outer side thereof, and said nuts operating cooperatively, so that the fusing of either thereof releases all of said brake-shoes,

31. The combination with awindow-frame, of a pair-of sashes therein, disproportionatelycounterbaiancing means for said sashes, two pairs of flexible connections between said sashes and said counterbaianeing means, one pair for each sash, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections run,one pair for each sash, said pulleys being mounted upon said frame at opposite sides thereof, a pair of equal izing-bars mounted at opposite sides of said frame, shoes upon said equalizing-bars, one

'for each pulley, and linkage connecting said equalizing-bars; said linkage comprising a pair of toggles pivotally connected at their ends, and links connecting the middle joints of the toggles to the equalizing-bars, and means for connecting the ends of said toggles to said window-frame, said means including parts fusibleat relatively low temperature, the fusion of either of which releases said brake- ,shoes, .one of said fusible members being provided at each of the toggle ends.

32. Thecombination with a window-frame, of a pair of sashes therein, disproportionatelycountcrbalancing means for said sashes, two

pairs of flexible connections between said sashes and said counterbalancingmcans, one pair for each sash, two pairs of pulleys over which said connections 'run, one pair for each sash, said puileys being-mounted upon said frame atopposite sides thereof, a pair of equalizing-bars mounted on opposite sides of said frame, shoes upon said equalizing-bars, one for each pulley, and linkage connecting said equalizing-bars, said linkage comprising a pair of toggles pivotally connected at their ends, and links connecting the middle joints of the toggles to the equalizingmeans for connecting the ends of said toggles to said window-frame, said means including a pair of springs and members fusibleat relatively low temperature, the fusion ofzeither of which releases said brake-shoes,oneof said fusible members being provided ateach of thetoggle ends. 7

33. The combination with a window- 1i rame, of a pair of sashes therein, disproportionately bars, and

IIO

- sash, said pulleys being mounted upon said frame at opposite sides thereof, a pair of equalizing-bars mounted on opposite sides of said frame, shoes upon said equalizing-bars, one for each pulley, a linkage connecting said er ualizi ng-bars,said linkage comprisinga pair of toggles pivotally connected at their, ends, and links COHHCCLlDg the middle joints of the toggles to the en utilizing-bars, springs for connecting the ends of said toggles to said window-frame, and means for enabling the independent adjustment of said springs, said adjusting means including rods connected to the ends of said toggles and projecting from the frame, one upon the inner side and one upon the outer side of said frame, and fusible nuts threaded upon said rods.

2-54. The combination with a frame, of two sliding sashes therein, disproportionate counterbalancing means for said sashes, flexible connections from said sashes to said counterbalancing means, pulleys over which said connections run, said pulleys being mounted two at each side of the frame, braking means at each side of the frame for cooperation with said pulleys, and means linking one braking means to the other across the frame, saidlinking means including a member fusible at low temperature, the fusion of which releases all of the pulleys from the control of the braking means.

35. The combination with a frame, of two sliding sashes therein,disproportionate counterbalancing means for said sashes, flexible connections from said sashes to said counterbalancing means, pulleys over which said connections run, said pulleys beingmounted two at each side of the frame, braking means at each side of the frame for cooperation with said pulleys, means linking one brakingmeans to the other across the frame, and devices connecting said linking means to the Windowframe, including fusible nut-s protruding from the window-frame at the outer and inner sides of the window.

36. The combination with a frame, of two sliding sashes therein, disproportionate counterbalancing means for said sashes, flexible connections from said sashes to said counterbalancing means, pulleys over which said connections run, said pulleys being mounted two at each side of the frame, braking means at each side of the frame for cooperation with said pulleys, and means linkin' one braking means to the other across the frame, and adjustable means for connecting said linking means to said window-frame at each of the inner and outer sides of the window, said adjustable means being cooperative in such a 5 manner that the ad ustment of either of them produces a uniform braking effect upon all of said pulleys.

37. The combination with a frame, of two sliding sashes therein; disproportionate counterbalancing means for said sashes, flexible connections from said sashes to said counterbalancing means, pulleys over which said connections run, said pulleys mounted two at each side of the frame, braking means at each side of the frame for cooperation with said pulleys, means linking one braking meansto the other across the frame, and adjustable means for connecting said linking means to said window-frame at each of the inner and outer sides of the window, said adjustable means being cooperative in such a manner that the adjustment of either of them produecs a uniform braking effect upon all of said pulleys, a plurality of fusible members being provided in the mechanism between the braking means and the window-frame, and so connected that the fusion of either thereof rcleases all of the braking means.

38. The combination with a window-frame and two sashes mounted therein, of disproportionate counterbalancing means connected to said sashes, four rotating members between said sashes and said counterbalancing means, two of said members at each of the sides of the frame, brakeshoes for said rotating members, and means for regulating the pressure of all of said brake-shoes simultaneously and uniformly.

39. The combination with a window-frame and two sashes mounted therein, of disproportionate counterbalaneing means connected to said sashes, flexible connections between said sashes and said counter-balancing means, four pulleys over which said connections run, four brakes for said pulleys, and a brake-adjusting device connected to all of said brakes so that thc'pressure'produeed by the adjustment of said adjusting devices is evenly distributed among said four brakes.

40. The combination with a window-frame and two sashes mounted therein, of disproportionate countcrbalancing means connected to said sashes, flexible connections between said sashes and said counterbalancing means, four pulleys over which said connections run, four brakes for said pulleys, and a brake-adjusting device connected to all of said brakes so that the pressure produced by the adjustment of said adjusting devices is evenly distributed among said four brakes, said brake-adjustingdevice including a member fusible at low temperature for releasing the brakes.

41. The combination with a sash, of disproportionate counterbalancing means therefor, flexible connections between said sash and said counter-balancing means, a pulley over which said connection runs; said pulley being formed with means for preventing slip of the connection thereupon; and a thermically-releasable brake for said pulley.

42. The combination with a sash, of disproportionate counter-balancing means therefor, a pair of chains connecting said sash to said counterbalancing means, sprocket pulleys over which said chains run, brakes for said pulleys, and means for rendering said brakes effective; said means including a part fusible at relatively low temperature.

43. The combination with a window-frame and a window-sash mounted therein and movable up and down at wilhcf disproportionate counterbalancing means tending constantly to close said sash, and releasable means within the window-frame for retaining the sash at diflerent positions to which it may be raised or lowered in said frame; said releasable means including a member fusible at relatively low temperature and extending to an exposed position wholly outside of the window-frame.

44. The combination with a window-frame and a pair of sashes therein, of disproportionate counter-balancing means for said sashes, a thermically-releasablc sash-controlling mechanism, including two pairs of devices for frictionally opposing the movements of the sashes, one pair of such devices for each sash, a spring for rendering both of said pairs of devices efl'ective, an adjustable member for regulating the tension of said spring, and springs tending constantly to release said brakes.

45. The combination of a pair of sashes each adjustable independently of the other to any desired position, disproportionate counterbalancing means for said sashes, braking means for said sashes, said braking means being capable of rot ining each sash in any position to which it may be adjusted, and a single manual release controlling all of said braking means and etiective to cause the sashes to close simultaneously from any positions to which they may have been opened.

46. The combination of a sash, disproportionate counter-balancing means therefor, a.

brake, and means operable either thermically or manually for releasing said brake.

47. Th combination of a pair of sashes, dis proportionate counterbalancing means therefor, braking means, and a device connected to said braking means forrclcasing same and including means operable either thcrmically or manually. v

48. lhecombination with asash, of a flexible connection secured thereto, a pulley over which said connection runs, a disproportionate counterbalance to which the other end of said connections is secured, a brake for said pulley, a thermotic release for said brake, and a cord connected to said release for operating the same manually.

49. The combination with a frame and a pair of sashes therein, of disproportionate counterbalancing means for said sashes, flexible connections between said sashes and said eounterbalancing means, pulleys over which said connections run, brake-shoes for said pulleys, means for holding said brake-shoes against said pulleys; said holding means including a part fusible at relatively low temperature, a connection from said fusible part to both of said shoes, and a manually-operable part for releasing said brake-shoes.

50. The combination with a frame and a pair of sliding sashes therein, of a part fusihie at relatively low temperature, means releasable by the fusing of said part, for closing both said sashesand a manually-operable releasing device; each of said sashes being adjustable independently of the other, and both said closing means andsaid releasing device being efl'ective to close said sashes from any positions to which'they may he opened.

51. The combination with a sash, of disproportionate counter-balancing means therefor, braking means, and a device connected to said braking means for releasing said sash and ineluding both thermically and manually operable means, said releasing device including a part that projects from the window-frame, a lever having an arm to bear upon said part, and a cord connected to the other arm of said lever.

Signed this 16th day of June, 1903,.at Nos. 9 to 15 Murray street, New York, N. Y.

HENRY 0. SMITH.

Nitnesses:

B. (J. STICKNEY, FRED. J. Dow. 

